Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians (HBMI) had no formalized governing structure until 1980 when the Band became officially recognized by the Federal Government. Since then, HBMI has adopted the traditional form of Tribal Council/Tribal Chief model of government. The Tribal Chief carries out the executive functions of the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians. Their six-member council carries out their legislative functions. HBMI has no court, and the Band's attorney handles their legal matters. HBMI is incorporated as a nonprofit organization.

HBMI acquired 800 acres of land held in trust by the Federal Government. In early 1994, HBMI completed a project on a portion of this land that provided fifty housing units. Here Band members can live and work together and better govern themselves as a group. Work is currently underway to develop and adopt a Tribal Constitution.

The band is currently considering land acquisition proposals for hundreds of additional acres throughout the State. They are presently engaged in deciding policy on the type and amount of land to invest in.

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